III. 1800-1860
(AP Historic Periods 4 & 5)
A political revolution changes the leadership of our country, as Jefferson's philosophies shape the era. America expands and grows but must still navigate the dangerous waters that keep it in the middle of European politics and the rise of Napoleon and French drama. Ultimately, economic growth and American concepts of equality put the Nation on a treacherous yet destined course to confront its founding principles.
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TIME PERIODS
AP Period/Unit 4 (1800-1848)
AP Period/Unit 5 (1844-1877) AP CHAPTERS
Chapter 11. The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic, 1800-1812 Chapter 12. The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824 Chapter 13. The Rise of Mass Democracy, 1824-1840 Chapter 14. Forging the National Economy, 1790-1860 _ COLLEGE PREP. CHAPTERS CP Chapter 3 _ POLITICAL TIMELINE
From www.learnnc.org 
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READING GUIDE DOCUMENT
OTHER LINKS |
AP Tools for Success
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Themes (Use these to tie evidence together across time periods for easy "complex thinking." TIP-Choose one with which to focus for the year.):
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Historical Thinking Skills (Use these to practice the skills graders are looking for on AP Rubrics.):
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Document Analysis Acronym (Use this when analyzing documents to add the words--actually use the words in responses-- and skills graders are looking for on AP Rubrics.):
C-Context (This is often used as 'H' for Historical Situation.)
A-Audience
P-Point of View (POV)
P-Purpose
A-Audience
P-Point of View (POV)
P-Purpose
The Jefferson Presidency
SIMULATION!
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You are President Jefferson, c. 1801. Can you manage the growing United States? Let's see how your decision-making stands up to the test of time.
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New Orleans & Louisiana Become a
Possession of the United States!
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New Orleans is a city of rich culture and fascinating traditions. No other city in America keeps its history as vital and accessible as New Orleans. House after house, street after street, indeed entire neighborhoods, exude a rich sense of place, and serve as touchstones for fascinating history and complex culture. Look for it. In New Orleans, history can strut as loudly as a Carnival walking krewe, or creep as softly as a green lizard on a courtyard wall. Thrilling. Colorful. Tragic. Inspiring. Discover a little about the sweep of the city’s history.
Colonial New Orleans Indigenous people called it Balbancha, “land of many tongues,” and they inhabited the rich delta lands between the Mississippi River (“Father of Waters”) and Okwa-Ta (“Big Water,” Lake Pontchartrain) for the same reasons that would later attract Europeans: abundant ecological resources and a convenient network of navigable rivers, bayous and bays. Claimed for the French Crown by explorer Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1682, La Nouvelle-Orleans was founded by Jean Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville in 1718 upon the slightly elevated banks of the Mississippi River approximately 95 miles above its mouth. Engineers laid out a grid of streets with a Place d’Armes (today’s Jackson Square-Statue gone!) that would become known as the Vieux Carré (“Old Square”), or today’s French Quarter. The nascent outpost became the capital of the French Colony of Louisiana in 1723. That same year, France ceded Louisiana to Spain, to keep it out of the hands of the British, victors of the recent French and Indian War. For the remainder of the 1700s, Louisiana was a Spanish colony, and Nueva Orleans functioned as an important trading and cultural partner with Cuba, Mexico, and beyond. It was during the Spanish colonial era that New Orleans transformed from a village-like environment of wooden houses to a city of sturdier brick buildings with urban infrastructure, largely due to the unpaid labor of enslaved people. Catalyzing the change were two disastrous fires, in 1788 and 1794, which together destroyed over a thousand old French buildings. New architectural codes were introduced shortly thereafter, resulting in splendid Spanish Colonial-style buildings such as the Cabildo fronting today’s Jackson Square. Other Spanish contributions include wrought-iron balconies, patios (courtyards), above-ground cemeteries, and the city’s earliest expansion, the Suburbio Santa Maria, today’s Central Business District. The Spanish also liberalized policies governing slavery, which enabled the dramatic growth of a caste of free people of color In 1800, the Spanish retroceded Louisiana back to France, only to have Napoleon sell the entire Louisiana colony, including New Orleans, to the United States as part of the $15 million Louisiana Purchase, finalized on December 20, 1803. Although no longer a French colony, residents in the new American city of New Orleans held tight to their Francophile ways, including language, religion, customs, a complex social strata, and a penchant for the epicurean. The Creoles—that is, the locally born descendants of early inhabitants, many with French blood—created a sophisticated and cosmopolitan society that stood apart from nearly every other American city. From the streets of the French Quarter, to the Creole cottages of the Faubourg Marigny, to the Old Ursuline Convent and the former Charity Hospital, vestiges of French colonial times persist to this day. Beset by Pirates and PrivateersThe flow of goods between the Gulf of Mexico and port of New Orleans attracted smugglers, privateers, and pirates, with Jean Lafitte and his brother Pierre among the most infamous. Jean Lafitte was a fixer and rogue who played an instrumental role in aiding Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson and the Americans in their victory over the British during the Battle of New Orleans (1815) at Chalmette. Tradition holds that Lafitte’s Blacksmith Shop, at 941 Bourbon Street, served as the pirates’ base. Probably dating to the 1770s and said to be the oldest structure housing a bar in the United States, Lafitte’s Blacksmith Shop is a picturesque relic of colonial-era vernacular architecture, and still a popular saloon today. Mardi GrasMardi Gras was first recorded in the present-day United States in March 1699, as Iberville and Bienville sailed up the Mississippi River and made note of the midwinter feast in their journal as they camped at Point du Mardi Gras. After that, French colonists celebrated Mardi Gras in Mobile and, following its founding in 1718, in New Orleans, mostly in the form of public festivity and private costumed balls. Mardi Gras remained a raucous but generally informal affair until 1857, when a group of Anglo-Americans from Mobile formed the Mistick Krewe of Comus and introduced formal parades and elaborate floats organized by social organizations called krewes. The krewes of Comus and later Rex would set the template for Mardi Gras for decades to come, by which time New Orleanians proudly called their pre-Lenten feast “the greatest free show on Earth.” Antebellum New OrleansIn the mid-1800s, the highest concentration of millionaires in America could be found between New Orleans and Baton Rouge. Their wealth came largely from sugar cane plantations, which depended on the labor of thousands of enslaved African Americans. In the 1850s alone, Louisiana plantations produced an estimated 450 million pounds of sugar per year, worth more than $20 million annually. Sugar and cotton came downriver on steamboats en route to global markets. Thousands of dockworkers toiled on the wharves of New Orleans to transfer the cargo to ocean-going ships after unloading their imports, while hundreds of bankers, merchants, factors, insurers, and lawyers managed finance and logistics. Millions were made in the commerce, and much of it went to the powerful aristocracy. That wealth may be seen to this day in the opulent townhouses of the French Quarter and the magnificent mansions of the Garden District. But that elegance could not mask the fact that this was an enslaved society, as well as the nation’s busiest slave marketplace, throughout the antebellum era, 1803-1861. In 1840, New Orleans ranked as the third-largest city in the nation, the largest in the South, and the fourth-busiest port in the world. It had a population of 102,193, of whom 58 percent were white, 23 percent were enslaved African Americans; and 19 percent were free people of color. Its two primary ethnicities, French-speaking Creoles and English-speaking Anglo-Americans competed for power and lived in largely separate sections, the Creoles in the French Quarter and the lower faubourgs, the Anglo-Americans in what is now the Central Business District, Lower Garden District, and Garden District. All neighborhoods occupied the narrow crescent-shaped natural levee abutting the Mississippi River, behind which was an uninhabitable swamp. River floods, hurricanes, and fires were constant threats, as were devastating epidemics of yellow fever, dengue, malaria and cholera. From NewOlreans.com |
Max (Tasting History) gives us the background on one of the most famous dishes in New Orleans and Louisiana--Gumbo!
The Corps of Discovery;
the Journey of Lewis and Clark 
Exploring the Louisiana Territory:
"When Thomas Jefferson dispatched Lewis and Clark to find a water route across North America and explore the uncharted West, he expected they'd encounter woolly mammoths, erupting volcanoes, and a mountain of pure salt. What they found was no less surprising. Click on the buttons below to learn more! 
Public Broadcasting has a beautiful site activity that incorporates the famous 1997 Ken Burns documentary. Click on the PBS button below.
OTHER RESOURCES
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THE WAR OF 1812
The War of 1812 in the Chesapeake
Much of the War of 1812's pivotal events took place in the Great Lakes region, while the War's most memorable battle occurred at New Orleans, after a treaty to end the War was already signed. Here, explore the battles that saw the Capital burned and inspired a poem that became our Nation's anthem.
Much of the War of 1812's pivotal events took place in the Great Lakes region, while the War's most memorable battle occurred at New Orleans, after a treaty to end the War was already signed. Here, explore the battles that saw the Capital burned and inspired a poem that became our Nation's anthem.
SIMULATION!You are President James Madison, c. 1814. Can you successfully guide the United States in a war against Britain? Let's see how your decision-making stands up to the test of time.
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America's Ship:
The U.S.S. Constitution. |
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No ship has served her country as long or gloriously. Check out the Museum's website below. Also, see if you can match my score in the simulation (Click the button link below.)
SIMULATION!You are Commodore Bainbridge, 1812. Can you challenge British shipping at the start of war? Let's see how your decision-making stands up to the test of time.
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IIIa. Document Analysis/SAQ Practice
From the Cengage Learning Teacher's Resource Guide
The Present State of Our Country (Political Cartoon)
From the Cengage Learning Teacher's Resource Guide
The Present State of Our Country (Political Cartoon)
Write a response to the questions below.
a) Briefly explain the point of view expressed by the political cartoonist about ONE of the following: -The Federalist Party -The Democrat-Republican Party -George Washington b) Briefly explain ONE development from 1789 to 1809 that may have led to the point of view expressed by the cartoonist. c)Briefly explain ONE way in which the developments from 1789 to 1808 challenged the point of view expressed by the cartoonist. |
If you can't understand the cartoon . . . Partisan disunity over the War of 1812 threatened the nation's very existence. The prowar Jeffersonian at the left is attacking the pillar of federalism, while the antiwar Federalist at right is trying to pull down democracy. The spirit of Washington warns that the country's welfare depends on all three pillars, including, including republicanism. |
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IIIb. Doing the DBQ, 1998
Under Construction
Under Construction
1998's Document-Based Question looks at evidence suggesting that our Nation's first two political parties were not above political expediency.
With respect to the federal Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans are usually characterized as strict constructionists who were opposed to the broad constructionism of the Federalists. To what extent was this characterization of the two parties accurate during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison?
In writing your answer, use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1801-1817.
pp. 175-180 of the pdf.
With respect to the federal Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans are usually characterized as strict constructionists who were opposed to the broad constructionism of the Federalists. To what extent was this characterization of the two parties accurate during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison?
In writing your answer, use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1801-1817.
pp. 175-180 of the pdf.
John Marshall's Court
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"John Marshall became the fourth chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1801. He is largely responsible for establishing the Supreme Court's role in federal government.
Chief Justice John Marshall was born on September 24, 1755, near Germantown, Virginia. In 1780, Marshall started his own law practice, defending clients against pre-war British creditors. From 1782 to 1795, he held various political offices, including the position of secretary of state in 1800. In 1801, he became chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, serving until his death, on July 6, 1835, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." Discover how Marshall increased the power of the Court and the Federal Government using the worksheet below. 
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Lecture: The
Era of Good Feeling |
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IIIc. Analyzing documents/SAQ practice
From the Cengage Learning Teacher's Resource Guide
We Owe Allegiance to no Crown (Painting)
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a) Briefly explain the point of view expressed by the artist about ONE of the following: -New World (American) Political Institutions -Old World (European) Political Institutions -American National Culture b) Briefly explain ONE development from 1800 to 1820 that may have led to the point of view expressed by the artist. c)Briefly explain ONE way in which the developments from 1800 to 1820 challenged the point of view expressed by the artist. |
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Westward Ho!
Early American Housing from The Historical Atlas of the United States
Also, "Temple and Wing" or "Gable Front and Wing." Typically, contractor-built in New England (transplanted west to the Great Lakes) house, c. 1830s-1890s
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Late 1700s New England-Style House
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New England Style that moved west to the Ohio Country, c. 1620 to 1820.
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1700s-1800s, Germanic-style log home
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The Southern Dogtrot
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Georgian-Style, late 1700s
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The African Influenced Shotgun
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The Midwest I-House
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Creole House of the Mississippi Delta
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Other Main Architecture Styles
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DAVY CROCKET
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"King of the Wild Frontier"
There is no life that better represents the spirit of a young and growing nation than that of Davy Crockett. Here, we will began to understand just how important this man's life and legacy has become to our story, through a Biography episode about the life of a living legend.
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Before he was a Landman in Texas, Billy Bob Thorton portrays Davy Crockett's last moments in 2004's The Alamo. Not entirely accurate, but interesting--you can't outlive your legend!
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In the mid-1950s, Walt Disney created a series of movies celebrating the Frontier hero Davy Crockett (portrayed by Fess Parker). The success of movies led to Disneyland's inclusion of elements from the Crockett story to Frontierland and the Rivers of America. As the popularity of Crockett spread, the nation's youth adopted his story to make the image of Davy a permanent part of our culture--at least one high school made his image their mascot!!!
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On Democracy in America; a tourist comments on the
"Rise of the Common Man."
"Rise of the Common Man."
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De La Démocratie en Amérique
Alexis de Tocqueville's great work was published in two volumes, the first in 1835 and the second in 1840. Its title translates as On Democracy in America. While investigating America's prison system for France, Tocqueville writes his observations of the new American Republic. The following excerpts explore the relationship between the American "love of money" and the commitment to "democracy" and "equality." Also described is the incredible "restlessness" of Americans in the pursuit of "happiness." These observations about our early Republic highlight truly unique American characteristics. Click below. |
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HENRY CLAY
Clay's "American System"
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One of the greatest statesman American has yet produced, Henry Clay had a vision and political platform to unify and enrich the United States. Only partially adopted, as growing sectionalism presented insurmountable obstacles, Clay's American System none-the-less envisioned possibilities that influenced Whig and Republican Party beliefs for generations.
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The "Great Compromiser"
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"From the birth of the American Republic in 1789, deep differences between two of its regions, North and South, coupled with westward expansion, nearly plunged the nation into civil war on three separate occasions before guns actually opened up upon Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. Each time, one man – one statesman – forged a compromise. That man – that statesman – was Henry Clay of Kentucky. Early in his life, Henry Clay came to Kentucky and was elected to Congress. A “War Hawk,” Clay evolved into a diplomat, negotiating the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812. Clay was soon thereafter elected to the United States House of Representatives. With the petitioned statehood of Missouri in 1820, the nation faced its first crisis over whether to admit a state from the Louisiana Purchase as a free state or slave state. Speaker of the House Henry Clay defused the crisis, deemed by former president Thomas Jefferson as a “firebell in the night,” by crafting the Missouri Compromise. A second time, sectional strife flared up as the post-War of 1812 Tariff brought cries of “nullification” and even “secession” from South Carolina in the early 1830’s. After months of rising threats of civil war, Senator Henry Clay introduced the Compromise of 1833, averting disunion and bloodshed. Then, nearly twenty years later, the admission of California as a slave or free state was at stake. At no time in its history had the American Republic been brought so close to civil war, facing a situation seemingly beyond compromise. For a third time, Senator Henry Clay skillfully fashioned a compromise – the Compromise of 1850 – staving off a bloody civil war for more than a decade. Henry Clay was, indeed, the “Great Compromiser,” the “Great Pacificator.” Abraham Lincoln regarded Henry Clay as the greatest statesman the nation had ever produced, calling him “my beau ideal of a statesman.” Without question, Henry Clay’s ideals of statesmanship and compromise continue to be relevant and necessary in today’s increasingly turbulent and divided world."
-Henryclay.org |
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A Case For Freedom
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Few people know the story of a brave woman named Charlotte Dupuy who was enslaved by Secretary of State Henry Clay at Decatur House, the large brick residence that has stood on Lafayette Square at the corner of H Street and Jackson Place since 1818.
In 1829, while living at Decatur House, Dupuy sued Clay in the U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Columbia for her freedom. Charlotte Dupuy, or "Lotty" as she was known, felt that Clay was obligated to uphold an agreement she had with her previous owner to free her and her two children, Charles and Mary Ann, in February 1829, seventeen years before Dred Scott filed his well-known legal challenge to slavery. She believed the promise of freedom from her previous owner transferred to Henry Clay. when he purchased her in 1806, after she married Aaron Dupuy, a man already enslaved in Clay's household. |
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Lecture:
Jacksonian Democracy |
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Andrew Jackson
One of the most controversial figures of his age, no one could doubt his ability to lead. President Jackson saw himself as the "arm and the shield" of the common person--you decide if he lived up to his vision. Click below to visit the Hermitage, home of Andrew Jackson, or on the UVA's Miller Center site.
"As president, Andrew Jackson strengthened the power of the presidency, defended the Union, gained new respect for the United States in foreign affairs, and pushed the country toward democracy."
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"Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States, was the dominant actor in American politics between Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln. Born to obscure parents and orphaned in youth, he was the first "self-made man" and the first westerner to reach the White House. He became a democratic symbol and founder of the Democratic Party, the country's most venerable political organization. During his two-term presidency, he expanded executive powers and transformed the President's role from chief administrator to popular tribune."
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SIMULATION!
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You are President Andrew Jackson. Can you do as well as Jackson? Let's see how your decision-making stands up to the test of time.
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Another Revolution |
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"The Incredible changes taking place in America, during the period 1820-1860 (the Early Industrial Revolution), can be illustrated in a number of ways. In less than one lifetime, the number of States increased from 13 to 34, the population rose from 4 million to 13 million, and revolutions in transportation and manufacturing (the Market Revolution) transformed the lives of everyone." Here, we will use numbers to investigate these changes and practice analyzing data. Click on the document to get started.
From Exploration in American History, A Skills Approach |
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The Erie Canal!
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Industrial Revolutionary
John S. Gordon. Volume 43, Issue 6, Oct. 1992. Oliver Evans did not live to see railroads. He died in 1819, and the first real American railroad line, the Baltimore & Ohio, was begun only in 1828, but he was an amazing catalyst for revolution. Click on the American Heritage icon to learn more.
John S. Gordon. Volume 43, Issue 6, Oct. 1992. Oliver Evans did not live to see railroads. He died in 1819, and the first real American railroad line, the Baltimore & Ohio, was begun only in 1828, but he was an amazing catalyst for revolution. Click on the American Heritage icon to learn more.
The Lady and the Mill Girl
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Gerda Lerner had always been a contrarian, from resisting Nazis in Germany to being a Socialist Communist in 1950s America--Gerda was fearless. Her convictions and talents saw her virtually create women's history in the 1960s. Here, read one of her seminal articles, "The Lady and the Mill Girl: Changes in the Status of Women in the Age of Jackson," published in the American Studies Journal.
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SIMULATION!
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Let's Can you successfully guide the lives of Americans during the early industrial revolution? Let's see how your decision-making stands up to the test of time. Click on the image.
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William Sidney Mount
Mr. Mount was a truly amazing painter, capturing, at ounce, the national pride and democratic spirit of his age. Portraying everyday American life (Genre Painting), Mount celebrated the common man and helped promote the belief in basic American goodness and virtue. He also painted landscapes and portraits, like the one below. Like the Hudson River School of painting, Mount celebrated uniquely American themes.
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Sectionalism
The Nation developed a strong sense of unity and nationalism after two wars. The Country also grew rapidly in size and success, but this rapid growth also highlighted regional differences. Sectionalism occurs when regions of the country put their interests ahead of the interest of the Nation as a whole.
The Nation developed a strong sense of unity and nationalism after two wars. The Country also grew rapidly in size and success, but this rapid growth also highlighted regional differences. Sectionalism occurs when regions of the country put their interests ahead of the interest of the Nation as a whole.
"A more enduring manifestation of hostility toward the nationalizing tendencies in American life was the reassertion of strong feelings of sectional loyalty. New Englanders felt threatened by the West, which drained off the ablest and most vigorous members of the labour force and also, once the railroad network was complete, produced wool and grain that undersold the products of the poor New England hill country. The West, too, developed a strong sectional feeling, blending its sense of its uniqueness, its feeling of being looked down upon as raw and uncultured, and its awareness that it was being exploited by the businessmen of the East.
The most conspicuous and distinctive section, however, was the South—an area set apart by climate, by a plantation system designed for the production of such staple crops as cotton, tobacco, and sugar, and, especially, by the persistence of slavery, which had been abolished or prohibited in all other parts of the United States. It should not be thought that all or even most white Southerners were directly involved in the section’s “peculiar institution.” Indeed, in 1850 there were only 347,525 slaveholders in a total white population of about 6,000,000 in the slave states. Half of these owned four slaves or fewer and could not be considered planters. In the entire South there were fewer than 1,800 persons who owned more than 100 slaves."
-Britannica
The most conspicuous and distinctive section, however, was the South—an area set apart by climate, by a plantation system designed for the production of such staple crops as cotton, tobacco, and sugar, and, especially, by the persistence of slavery, which had been abolished or prohibited in all other parts of the United States. It should not be thought that all or even most white Southerners were directly involved in the section’s “peculiar institution.” Indeed, in 1850 there were only 347,525 slaveholders in a total white population of about 6,000,000 in the slave states. Half of these owned four slaves or fewer and could not be considered planters. In the entire South there were fewer than 1,800 persons who owned more than 100 slaves."
-Britannica
IIId. Document Analysis & Comparison/SAQ Practice
From the Cengage Learning Teacher's Resource Guide
From the Cengage Learning Teacher's Resource Guide
EXCERPTS
Jacksonian Democracy
Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson (1945).
“During the Bank War, laboring men began slowly to turn to Jackson as their leader, and his party as their party. . . . This conversion of the working classes to the hard-money policy injected new strength and determination into the hard-money party. . . . From it would come the impetus to carry through the second stage in the national struggles of Jacksonian democracy.”
Lee Benson, The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case (1961).
“A composition portrait of their [Whigs’ and Democrats’] social and economic backgrounds reveals striking similarities. Their most significant difference is that several Democratic leaders claimed Dutch or German ancestry, while the Whigs invariably claimed British ancestry (mostly by way of New England).”
Using the excerpts, answer parts a, b, and c.
a) Briefly explain ONE major difference between Schlesinger and Benson’s historical interpretation of the Whig and Democratic Parties.
b) Briefly explain how ONE development from the period 1789 to 1840 not directly mentioned in the excerpts supports Schlesinger’s argument.
c) Briefly explain how ONE development from the period 1789 to 1840 not directly mentioned in the excerpts supports Benson’s argument.
Jacksonian Democracy
Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson (1945).
“During the Bank War, laboring men began slowly to turn to Jackson as their leader, and his party as their party. . . . This conversion of the working classes to the hard-money policy injected new strength and determination into the hard-money party. . . . From it would come the impetus to carry through the second stage in the national struggles of Jacksonian democracy.”
Lee Benson, The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case (1961).
“A composition portrait of their [Whigs’ and Democrats’] social and economic backgrounds reveals striking similarities. Their most significant difference is that several Democratic leaders claimed Dutch or German ancestry, while the Whigs invariably claimed British ancestry (mostly by way of New England).”
Using the excerpts, answer parts a, b, and c.
a) Briefly explain ONE major difference between Schlesinger and Benson’s historical interpretation of the Whig and Democratic Parties.
b) Briefly explain how ONE development from the period 1789 to 1840 not directly mentioned in the excerpts supports Schlesinger’s argument.
c) Briefly explain how ONE development from the period 1789 to 1840 not directly mentioned in the excerpts supports Benson’s argument.
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